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1956 Volvo 122 ‘Amason’ aka Amazon

1956 Volvo 122 ‘Amason’ aka Amazon

A vintage corporate PR image showing three Volvo Amazon cars being weighed together and lifted by a crane.This corporate PR image for the Volvo Amazon has the caption: “Three models are lifted to check their total weights.” (Photos courtesy of Volvo)

 

BY MARK MAYNARD

The Volvo Amazon was a midsized car manufactured and marketed by Volvo Cars from 1956 to 1970, according to its page in Wikipedia. It was introduced to the United States in 1959 as the 122S during the New York International Auto Show.

When introduced, the car was named the Amason (with an ‘s’) in tribute to the fierce female warriors of Greek mythology, the Amazons. German motorcycle manufacturer Kreidler had already registered the name. After negotiations, the two companies agreed that Volvo could only use the name Amazon within Sweden. Subsequently, Volvo began its tri-digit nomenclature and the line became known as the 120 Series.

Volvo invented the three-point seat belt in 1959

In 1959, Volvo claimed to be the world’s first manufacturer to provide front seat belts as standard equipment.

Ponton Styling 

The Volvo Amazon was sold in body styles of two-door sedan, four-door sedan, and five-door wagon — all noted for their ponton styling.

“The Amazon’s “ponton” (pontoon-like) three-box styling was inspired by U.S. cars of the early 1950s, according to Wikipedia. The ponton styling strongly resembled the Chrysler New Yorker sedan and the Chrysler 300C hardtop coupe. Amazon designer Jan Wilsgaard said he was inspired by an American Kaiser he saw at the Gothenburg, Sweden, port.

At introduction, the Amazon had a choice of two four-cylinder engines. The base in-line OHV 1.6-liter had 60-horsepower and there was an uplevel 85-hp variant. Power upgrades came in 1961 with a 70- or 90-hp 1.8-liter four-cylinder, with a bump to 95-hp in 1965.

A colorful marketing image of a two-tone red and white Amazon surrounded by admiring caballeros

This group of caballeros (ranch hands) might be pondering an Amazon pickup.

The Volvo Amazon had floor-mounted manual transmissions had either three- or four-speeds, with or without overdrive. However, some cars were delivered with a steering-column shifter.

Always a safety innovator, Volvo invented the three-point seat belt. It then began to provide the front seat belts as standard equipment. The belts were added to all Amazon models, including those for export.

Kia Carnival Hybrid Review

Kia Carnival Hybrid Review

Kia America adds a 2025 Carnival Hybrid MPV with mileage ratings of 34 mpg city, 31 highway, and 33 mpg combined

A silver Kia Carnival parked amid a forest setting

The 2025 Kia Carnival Hybrid powertrain has mileage ratings of 34/31/33 mpg city/highway/combined. (Photography by Kia or as credited)

Jump To Special Features

What’s New about Carnival for 2025?
Carnival HEV Powertrain
An Evolved Hybrid
2025 Kia Carnival Pricing
Carnival’s Driver Assistance Technologies
Chillin’ In the Lounge
Why Buy the Kia Carnival Hybrid?
Kia Carnival Hybrid Specifications

BY MARK MAYNARD

The Kia Carnival MPV can do almost everything an SUV can do — while dancing backward in high heels. Kia calls its Carnival a multi-purpose vehicle, not a minivan, though it is. It is an ideal people mover for most stages of life.

In its basic form, the Carnival is built for family duty and has many innovative details and features. In its top trim, the Carnival is experiential amid luxurious materials and modernistic design style. Consider it “business elite, not business as usual.”

The Carnival ride brings the comfort of a big sedan, the easy maneuverability of a midsize, and more utility than an SUV.

Kia expanded its Carnival lineup for 2025 with a hybrid powertrain, adding to the standard 290-horsepower V-6. The front-wheel-drive Carnival is not available with all-wheel drive.

In my week’s test of a topline Carnival SX Prestige Hybrid, it defined the EPA’s estimated fuel economy of 34 mpg city, 31 highway, and 33 mpg combined. My overall mileage was 33.7 mpg, and I broke 42.7 mpg on extended highway driving. With the 19-gallon fuel tank, a driver could see a cruising range of more than 600 miles. A road trip awaits.

Today, there are just four minivan choices, including the Carnival: the Chrysler Pacifica, Honda Odyssey, and Toyota Sienna. Of those, only the Honda does not have a hybrid or all-wheel-drive option.

Looking from the second row forward in the Carnival front seats

Spacious accommodations in the front seat area.

What’s New About Carnival for 2025?

Kia has sold a minivan called Sedona in the U.S. since 2002. It was unremarkable compared to the competition at the time, but it did get high marks for safety from NHTSA and IIHS.

Undeterred, Kia moved forward with a second generation in 2005 as a 2006. A third generation came along in 2014 as a 2015. And now, the fourth generation debuted in North America in Feb. 2021 as a 2022 model. The 2022 redesign included adding Kia’s global nameplate Carnival MPV.

Kia updated the 2025 Carnival with new front and rear fascias, redesigned headlights, and taillights. The liftgate was also cleaned up by removing the visible handle release.

The Carnival interior was revamped with an updated center console and new switchgear. The more compelling update is the new hybrid powertrain.

A close of the Carnival's front end with headlights illuminated

The Carnival’s new front fascia. Below, the restyled rear fascia. (Mark Maynard photo)

Looking at the Carnival rear end and the illuminated taillights

The Last Honest Vehicle

Unlike the SUV, the minivan is the last honest vehicle made today. Minivans don’t have to be anything other than what they were intended. They don’t need sport bucket seats with their annoying in-your-crack bottom bolsters, paddle shifters, a tachometer cluttering the driver’s gauge display, or a Sport mode turning the gauge display red.

Manufacturers have tried to sportify the minivan to little avail. Swoops and bulges did not disguise the maternity mode. Aerodynamic fairings and flashy wheels just added to the cost.

There isn’t a beauty competition for a minivan — it just can’t be ugly. Except for the Kia Carnival, there is dowdy minivan DNA in the competitors’ exterior styling. See it mainly in the big hips and broad beam. The Kia Carnival is sleek and nimble to drive.

The view forward from the second row with 37.6 inches of headroom.

The view forward from the second row with 37.6 inches of headroom. (Mark Maynard photo)

Carnival HEV Powertrain

The Kia Carnival Hybrid has a 1.6-liter turbo-hybrid engine, a 54kW motor, and a six-speed automatic transmission. The powertrain’s combined output is 242 hp and 271 foot-pounds of torque.

Other features exclusive to the Carnival Hybrid include 17-inch aerodynamic wheels (standard on the LXS trim), standard active air flaps integrated into the front fascia, and paddle regenerative braking.

Hybrid performance upgrades unique to the Carnival Hybrid include

  • Electrification-Vehicle Motion Control (E-VMC). The paddle shift levers allow you to adjust the amount of regenerative braking with a three-level deceleration control.
  • E-Handling. Stabilizes suspension response when entering and exiting a corner;
  • E-Ride. Specially tuned shock absorbers help smooth bumpy rides;
  • E-Evasive Handling Assist. Helps control vehicle movement during emergency steering.
  • Aerodynamic 17-inch or 19-inch wheels.

I appreciated how much battery driving was available at speeds up to nearly 30 mph.

The gasoline-powered Carnival has a direct-injected 3.5-liter V-6 and an eight-speed automatic transmission. Carnival V-6 has a towing capacity of 3,500 pounds vs. 2,500 lbs. for the Carnival Hybrid. Its fuel economy ratings are an EPA-estimated 18/26/21 mpg city/highway/combined, using the recommended 87 octane fuel.

Looking at the engine bay of the Kia Carnival

The Carnival’s hybrid powertrain has a combined output of 242 horsepower. (Mark Maynard photo)

An Evolved Hybrid

Kia has sophisticated engineering for its gasoline-electric hybrid system. An electrified vehicle’s 12-volt battery is the weak link, whether in a hybrid or a full battery electric. It is common for the 12-volt battery to run down when using features when the engine is not running. I looked for the 12-volt in the Kia Carnival and found none. I did find a 12-volt charging port under the hood.

In researching the system in the owner’s manual, I learned that Kia’s hybrid system has three batteries. The 12-volt AGM (absorbent glass mat) battery is integrated with the lithium-ion hybrid battery pack.

Kia has had this setup since the 2017 Niro hybrid.

An image of the passenger view and talk camera system

How the passenger view appears in the main screen. (Mark Maynard photo)

Auxiliary Parking Battery

The Carnival Hybrid has a secondary lithium battery as an auxiliary parking battery. The 12-volt P-LBM (parking lithium battery module) supports power to modules that need power after the ignition is turned off. Some of those modules include the anti-theft system, entry lighting (which activates the side mirrors when approaching with the key), and the power side doors and liftgate. This battery is charged when the ignition is on.

Parents waiting to pick up children from school or the practice field have a second safeguard against AGM battery rundown. In such cases, Kia says to use “Ready” mode. In Ready mode, the high-voltage battery keeps the 12-volt battery voltage at its operational level. If the high-voltage battery runs low, the engine kicks in to charge it.

The 12-volt battery has a lifespan of three to five years or longer for an AGM battery. When the Kia hybrid battery needs to be replaced, it requires a dealership appointment. Specific steps must be followed during the removal and installation process.

In all new vehicles today, the 12-volt battery must be factory-calibrated when replaced. That means going to the dealership or a repair facility with the (expensive) computer program. If not, the battery will quickly run down.

The hybrid battery and components have warranty coverage of 10 years or 100,000 miles, or 150,000 miles in California.

Dual 12.3-inch displays for driver info and navigation.

Dual 12.3-inch displays for driver info and navigation.

2025 Kia Carnival Pricing

The 2025 Carnival Hybrid is available in four trim levels of LXS, EX, SX, and SX Prestige. MSRP starting prices range from $42,235 to $54,335.

Gas-powered Carnivals are offered in five trims of LX, LXS, EX, SX, and SX Prestige. Starting prices range from $38,235 to $52,335.

The manufacturer suggested retail pricing includes the $1,435 freight charge from Gwangmyeong, Korea.

Today’s tester, a Carnival HEV SX Prestige, cost $57,595 with three options:

  • Ceramic Silver paint, $495,
  • Rear-seat entertainment package, $2,500. The package includes dual seatback screens, second-row VIP power seats with leg support, heated and ventilated seats, and ambient lighting.
  • Carpet floor mats, $265.

Check current Kia Carnival pricing here.

And find special offers and incentives here.

Looking through the steering wheel at the gauge display showing the blind-spot view turn signal image

Blind spot view monitors activate with turn signals.

Carnival’s Driver Assistance Technologies

Central to the Carnival’s advanced driver assist technology is standard Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist, which now includes:

  • Junction Crossing (FCA-JC);
  • Lange-Change Oncoming (FCA-LO);
  • Lange-Change Side (FCA-LS);
  • Evasive Steering Assist (FCA-ESA) on SX models and above.

Carnival SX trims and above also get standard Highway Driving Assist 2. The hands-on semi-autonomous driving technology can maintain a set distance from the vehicle ahead. The system also centers the vehicle within lane markers and will assist in lane changes under certain conditions.

In my test of the Carnival Hybrid’s semi-autonomous driving, the lane centering was consistent, with only an occasional wide swing across the lane lines. The system’s composure was not prone to loud safety alerts.

Spacious accommodations in the front seat area.

Spacious accommodations in the front seat area.

Carnival Interior Function

Space is a minivan’s luxurious frontier. While the Kia Carnival is not a luxury vehicle, its refinement of interior materials, switchgear, and touchpoints is rewarding.

The Carnival cabin has big-and-tall front headroom of 40.9 inches. Front shoulder room (door to door) of 64.2 inches is 2.6 inches wider than the Kia Telluride SUV.

Driver sightlines are unobstructed at the side mirrors and across the hood. Of special value is the around-view camera with overhead and forward views. The camera can be switched on when inching forward in a parking slot or the garage.

There is no stress to step in and buckle up, and definitely no need for running boards. An elevated ride height provides a clear view down the road.

The interior design is fresh, with no faux wood trim, just clean metallic elements. All controls are smartly placed and ergonomically designed.

The shift console is a functional work zone with cup holders divided by a phone slot. A charging e-bin includes a wireless pad and USB charging ports. Small storage areas, including a large armrest box, are handily placed throughout. The side-door panels have large cup holders.

Rather than a flip-down conversation mirror to keep an eye on children, Kia has a video view and talk function. It is accessed through the main 12.3-inch wide screen. It also can be programmed as a one-touch button on the steering wheel.

Dual power sunroofs are standard on the Carnival SX Prestige.

Dual power sunroofs are standard on the Carnival SX Prestige. (Mark Maynard photo)

Carnival Hybrid Ride and Handling

One of the most endearing aspects of minivan ownership is the generally forgiving ride quality. The Kia Carnival is especially adept at not tossing heads when pulling into driveways or transitioning speed bumps. The setup is well-tuned for side-to-side stability. The Carnival rolls along with uncommon quiet and smoothness. However, it can send a shocking jolt over a pothole and rough pavement.

The suspension is a well-engineered four-wheel independent setup with steel springs and gas-charged shock absorbers. There are MacPherson struts at the front and a multi-link rear.

Ride quality with the 19-inch Goodyear Assurance Finesse tires (235/55) was poised and carpet smooth. These tires are affordable, costing between $220 and $250 each when replaced.

Advantageous is the lightweight of the steering and very compact turning circle of 38 feet. It is possible to make a U-turn on most residential streets. Steering control, though light, is entirely on track while cruising at speed.

Four-wheel-disc braking engages with uncommon smoothness and direct engagement. Front and rear rotors are 12.8 inches, with ventilated discs at the front and solid discs rear. These discs are comparable to the competition’s and seem fit to handle a 2,500-pound trailer with brakes.

Looking at the driver side front tire and black wheel

19-inch dark alloy wheels are part of the Carnival HEV SX package. (Mark Maynard photo)

Back Seats and Cargo Space

Sliding side doors are a parent’s friend — power-operated and foot-activated. The openness of the doors allows a parent to get close to the child seat for buckling without hoisting a child up into an SUV’s seating position.

Either power side door can be opened from the driver seat, which is helpful for the school taxi, especially when there is rain or snow.

I would prefer the standard three-position second row; it has more family function than the VIP Lounge seats, which are exclusive to the SX Prestige. With the eight-seat configuration, the second-row seats can be removed, or just the center seat removed for an aisle pass-through to the third row.

Kia adds a nifty feature of slide-flex seat adjustment. Both window seats can be moved manually inward by a couple of inches. The side movement is beneficial with the VIP Lounge seats, which cannot be removed and do not have a fold-and-tumble design for third-row access. The side flex is not much, but it doesn’t take much for a kid to slip by and into the third row.

Lounge seats in full upright positionThere is adult legroom in the second row — 40.5 inches if a tall person is not sitting ahead.

A special feature in the eight-passenger Kia Carnival is a second row “child minding seat.” The center seat can be moved forward on tracks to install a child seat. In that position, a parent in the front row can reach the child. Or just fold the center seat for a tablelike surface, which also can be used by those in the third row.

With the second row removed there is four feet in width for hauling sheets of plywood and tools

Second-row seats in the eight-passenger model can be removed for open cargo capacity, 4 feet wide.

Chillin’ In the Lounge

VIP Lounge seats are impressive and entertaining to friends and family, however, the appeal might not last. The seats should not be used in a reclined position while the Carnival is in motion. In the event of emergency braking, the shoulder belt would unlikely hold the occupant in position.

The reclining loungers cannot be removed, such as for romper room cargo function. Heated and ventilated second-row seats are only offered with the $2,500 package.

2nd row VIP lounge seating with leg support extended

2nd row VIP lounge seating with power controls.

Carnival’s Third Row

There is no shortage of details for those in the third row. There are charging ports, an inset for cups or juice boxes, and a phone slot.

Headroom of 38.6 inches is adequate for adults of average size. However, the max legroom of 35.6 inches is up to 3 inches less than in some competitors.

All Carnival models have a deep well of storage space behind the third row.

All Carnival models have a deep well of storage space behind the third row.

Carnival Cargo Space

Carnival earns its cargo salt with the obligatory 4-foot width, as if owners will load sheets of plywood. As with most minivans, the waaay back has multi-function.

With the third-row seats in place, there is a deep well of steamer-trunk capacity that neatly corrals a multitude of grocery bags or whatever. Fold the 60/40 seatbacks to drop flat into the cargo well and a parent could roll in bikes and trikes or strap down a large dog kennel. The interior height of 40 inches is taller than that in most midsize SUVs. Fold the third row for 5 feet of flat space.

Why Buy the Kia Carnival Hybrid?

Save face while saving fuel and emissions.

Minivans are a stage-of-life vehicle. For parents, the Carnival’s utility and function are as rewarding as having a housekeeper. Yet, its styling does not announce we are in a family way.

A rear side view of the Ceramic Silver Carnival

The Kia Carnival has a compact turning circle of 38 feet.

2025 Kia Carnival HEV SX Prestige Specifications

Body style: large 7- to 8-passenger front-wheel-drive minivan

Engine: 242-hp 1.6-liter turbo gasoline direct injection 4-cylinder; 270 lb.-ft. torque

Transmission: 6-speed automatic with steering wheel regenerative braking paddles

Fuel economy: 34/31/33 mpg city/hwy/combined; 86 octane recommended

Motor: 18 hp permanent magnet synchronous

Battery: 270-volt, 5.5 Ah lithium-ion with 64.0 kWh

BY THE NUMBERS

Towing capacity: 2,500 pounds (braked trailer), 1,000 lbs. unbraked

Fuel tank: 19 gallons

Cargo space: 40.2 cubic feet

Front head/leg room: 39.7*/41.1 inches *40.9 in. w/o sunroof

2nd row head/leg room: 37.6/40.5 inches

3rd row head/leg room: 36.5/35.6 inches

Length/wheelbase: 203/121.7 inches

Width/height: 89.2*/68.5** inches *w/side mirrors *w/o roof rails

Curb weight: 4,967 pounds (7-seats); 4,852 lbs. w/8 seats

Turning circle: 38 feet

FEATURES

Standard Carnival equipment includes: smart-key entry and push-button ignition, dual 12.3-inch digital panoramic display, 8-passenger seating with 2nd row child minding seat, SynTex upholstery, electric parking brake, wireless Android Auto and Apple CarPlay, Kia Connect with 3-year Ultimate, satellite radio with 3-mongh subscription, Passenger View and Passenger Talk, dual smart power sliding side doors, tri-zone automatic climate control, wireless phone charger, heated and ventilated power front seats, smartphone digital key

Exterior features include: 19-inch alloy wheels, smart power liftgate, dual power sunroofs, multi LED headlights-fog lights-DRLs, roof rails, rear spoiler, rear privacy glass, tire mobility kit (no spare tire included)

HEV SX Prestige features include: Leather-trimmed upholstery, Dark Edition alloy wheels and exterior accents, LED projector headlights and rear combination taillights, head-up windshield display, Bose premium audio system, heated steering wheel, digital rearview mirror-camera

Safety features include: 7 air bags (including driver’s knee bag), rear occupant alert with ultrasonic sensors, parking distance warning forward and reverse

Driver-assist technologies, include: navigation-based smart cruise control with stop-and-go, forward collision-avoidance assist with cyclist and junction turning; blind-spot collision-avoidance assist; rear cross-traffic collision-avoidance assist; driver attention warning; high-beam assist; lane-keeping assist and lane-following assist; parking collision-avoidance assist reverse; safe exist assist; highway driving assist.

CHASSIS COMPONENTS

Brakes: 4-wheel discs; front, 12.8-inch ventilated rotors; rear, 12.8-inch solid rotors

Steering: Column-mounted electric power steering; 38-foot turning circle

Tires-wheels: 19-inch Goodyear Assurance Finesse tires (235/55); tire-mobility kit; dark alloy wheels

Suspension: front, MacPherson struts with gas shocks; rear, multilink w/gas shocks

PRICING

Base price: $54,335, including $1,435 freight charge; price as tested $57,595

Options on test vehicle: Ceramic Silver paint, $495; Rear-seat entertainment package, $2,500 includes dual screen system, 7-passenger seating, 2nd row power seats with leg support, heated and ventilated 2nd row seats, ambient lighting, glossy interior trim; carpet floor mats, $265.

Where assembled: Gwangmyeong, Korea

Warranties: 10-years/100,000-miles powertrain; 5-years/60,000-miles bumper to bumper with roadside assistance; 10-years/100,000-miles hybrid battery (150,000 miles in California)

Ford Mustangs That Never Were

Ford Mustangs That Never Were

16 concepts and design sketches of proposed Ford Mustang variants

16 concepts and design sketches of proposed Ford Mustang variants.

The first-generation Ford Mustang in Wimbledon White. (Photography courtesy of Ford PR archives)

BY MARK MAYNARD

It was 61  years ago on April 17, 1964, that the Ford Mustang debuted at the World’s Fair in Flushing Meadows, New York. It was an immediate sales success — but there were many concepts, design studies, and prototypes that were considered along the way. Some of those were codenamed the “Bruce Jenner” and the “Rambo,” and there was a station wagon, a four-door, and a two-seater body style.

Ford Motor completely redesigned the Mustang for 2024, and it is now in its seventh generation. The company says its venerable pony car is the most exhilarating and visceral yet. 

“Investing in another generation of Mustang is a big statement at a time when many of our competitors are exiting the business of internal combustion vehicles,” said Jim Farley, CEO of Ford Motor Company. “Ford, however, is turbocharging its ICE growth plan, adding connected technology, opinionated derivatives, and hybrid options to our most profitable and popular cars — all in the Ford Blue family — on top of investing $50 billion in electric vehicles through 2026.”

According to Ford’s internal data, the United States remains home to the strongest demand for Mustang, representing 76 percent of global sales. Other markets that saw growth in Mustang sales in 2021 include New Zealand, up 54.3 percent, Brazil, up 37.3 percent, and South Korea, up 16.6 percent. 

Here are some images and captions from the Ford Motor archives that show some of the ideas that were considered. Most were wisely resisted.

1965 Mustang Four-Door

A prototype four-door mustang.

Two doors too many?

While Mustang used the platform of the compact Falcon as its starting point, the four-door Mustang could have brought the idea full circle by adding two doors to the pony car. Fortunately for Mustang fans, cooler heads prevailed.

1966 Mustang Station Wagon

In the mid-1960s, Ford designers considered at least a couple of different concepts for a Mustang station wagon, with at least one running prototype based on a 1966 coupe getting built. Another design study included elements for refreshed models that were coming later that decade. All of the known Mustang wagons were three-doors that were closer to a European “shooting brake” than a traditional American family station wagon.

1961 Avventura, Avanti, Allegro Concepts

From late 1961 into mid-1962, Ford designers tried out a wide range of themes for a sporty coupe based on the platform of the new Falcon compact. Each design was given an internal name for the purpose of discussion. One fastback design actually went through at least three different names starting with Avventura before moving on to Avanti and finally Allegro. The fastback design was originally sketched with a hatchback and rear-facing second-row seat. While this car never made it to production, a variation of the fastback profile was eventually adopted as the third body style for Mustang.

Avanti/Allegro Concept

As Avventura moved from sketch to physical design model, the hatch was replaced with a trunk and the rear seat was switched to a more conventional forward-facing orientation. Originally shown internally as Avanti, the name was eventually changed to Allegro, likely because Studebaker had introduced its own production Avanti coupe around the same time.

1962 Allegro Design Study

In 1962, the design team, led by Gene Bordinat, worked on several iterations of another design called Allegro. While the production 1965 Mustang was a very different car in almost every visual detail from Allegro, the design study established the basic proportions that would define most Mustangs for the next five decades. The notchback coupe had the same long-hood, short-deck layout with a compact greenhouse that would roll out of the Rouge factory two years later.

The Millionth Mustang

For the 1966 celebration of the millionth Mustang produced: Airline pilot Capt. Stanley Tucker, the owner of the first ordered Mustang, with Ford design chief Gene Bordinat (left), Ford President Lee Iacocca, product manager Donald Frey and an unnamed Ford exec.

1967 Allegro II Concept

The 1967 Allegro II Concept for Mustang

In 1967, Ford designers decided to reprise one of the original Mustang design concepts from 1962 with a new form and repurposed name. Starting with the Avanti/Allegro fastback coupe, the greenhouse was removed and replaced with a low-cut speedster-style windshield, roll bar, flying buttresses on the rear deck, and a new rear end. The reworked concept was dubbed Allegro II.

1967 Mach 2 Concept

1967 Mustang Mach 2 Concept

With the Mustang having already set sales records following its launch in 1964, Ford design chief Gene Bordinat and the Special Vehicles Group decided to try rearranging the pieces for the Mach 2 concept. The 289 Hi-Po V-8 was shifted from the front to behind the two seats to evaluate the layout as a possible successor to the Shelby Cobra. Despite its midengine layout, the Mach 2 retained the long-hood, short-deck proportions of a Mustang. Unfortunately, the Mach 2 never went much beyond the auto-show circuit.

1966 Mustang Mach I Concept

1966 Mustang Mach I Concept
Pantera-esqe?

The two-position hatchback was intended to accommodate longer objects in a near-horizontal position or open wider for cargo loading.

1969 Ford Mustang Boss 302 Engine

1969 Ford Mustang Boss 302 Engine

The high-performance 302-cubic-inch V8 used in the 1969 Ford Mustang Boss 302.

1966 Mach 1 Concept

1966 Ford Mustang Mach 1 Concept

As the first-generation model transitioned from a pony car to a larger and heavier big-block muscle car, the Mach 1 concept was created as a preview of the 1968 model. The original nose of the concept drew inspiration from the 1963 Mustang II concept.

1970 Mustang Milano

1970 Ford Mustang Milano in purple

First shown publicly at the February 1970, Chicago Auto Show, the Mustang Milano concept previewed the nearly horizontal rear deck and sharp, extended nose that would be seen on the production 1971 model. However, aside from those two elements, the Milano didn’t really bear much resemblance to any production Mustang. In fact, the car that probably drew most heavily on the Milano profile was the Australian-market Falcon XB coupe of the mid-1970s.

1970 Mustang Milano front

Would this become Ford’s Torino?

‘Bruce Jenner’ design study

Bruce Jenner Mustang design concept

Too soft?

In 1990, Ford designers evaluated a number of themes to replace the long-running third-generation Mustang. The notchback and hatchback body styles would be replaced with a single fastback coupe format. After departing from many of the original design cues on the third-generation models, the upcoming fourth-generation would return elements like the galloping pony in the grille, the side scoops and the tri-bar taillamps. This softer concept, known as “Bruce Jenner” wasn’t considered aggressive enough to be a Mustang.

‘Rambo’ Design Study

The Mustang 'Rambo' Design Study

Too extreme for a Mustang?

This alternative proposal dubbed, “Rambo,” was deemed too extreme for production.

1980 Mustang RSX Concept

1980 Mustang RSX Concept

Created in the Italian Ghia design studio, the RSX was conceived as a rally special based on the new Fox-body third-generation Mustang that debuted for the 1979 model year. With a 1-inch-wider track and 5.6-inch-shorter wheelbase than the road-going Mustang, the RSX had extra ride height that would be needed for dealing with the off-tarmac stages of European rallies.

1961-62 Two-Seater Studies

A two-seat Mustang study.

The two-seater concept.

Early in the gestation of the original Mustang, Ford designers considered a number of two-seater studies. These were seen as a more affordable return to the roots of Thunderbird, which by this time had grown into a much larger four-seater. The idea of a two-seat Mustang was something designers returned to frequently in the period between the original Mustang 1 concept and the 1992 Mach III. Aside from some track-oriented Mustangs that had the rear seats removed to save weight, there has never been a strictly two-seat production Mustang.

 

Happy 61st Birthday To the Ford Mustang

Happy 61st Birthday To the Ford Mustang

Photos and history of the seven generations of Ford Mustang from its debut in 1964 to 2024

The Ford Pavilion at the 1964 New York Worlds' Fair

The Ford Pavilion was the site of the debut of the Ford Mustang at the 1964 New York World’s Fair. (Ford archive photos)

Table of Contents

First Generation
2nd Generation
3rd Generation
4th Generation
5th Generation
6th Generation
7th Generation

BY MARK MAYNARD

MMustang fever began 61 years ago on Friday, April 17, 1964. On that day, it was reported that an estimated “millions” of looky-loos from around the world packed into Flushing Meadows Park in Queens for the debut of the Ford Mustang at the New York World’s Fair. The date was just 16 days after the debut of the Plymouth Barracuda. But the 1965 model-year Mustang would prove to be Ford’s most successful launch since the Model A.

It was a media-rich event, including a test drive for journalists. The so-called Mustang Road Rally traveled from the World’s Fair to Dearborn, via Niagara Falls.

Journalists prepare to head out for the first Ford Mustang Road Rally from Westchester Country Club in New York to Dearborn, Mich., in April 1964.

Journalists prepare to head out for the first Ford Mustang Road Rally. The route went from Westchester Country Club in New York to Dearborn, Mich.

Journalists make a  fuel stop along the way to Dearborn.

Journalists make a fuel stop along the way to Dearborn.

A stop at Niagara Falls on the way to Dearborn.

A stop at Niagara Falls on the way to Dearborn.

The ‘1964½’ Mustang

Enthusiasts dubbed the first-year car as the “1964½” Mustang. But all Mustangs were advertised, VIN coded and titled by Ford as 1965 models. Production began in Dearborn, Mich., on March 9, 1964.

Original sales forecasts projected fewer than 100,000 units for the first year, however, the mark was surpassed in three months from rollout.  Another 318,000 cars would be sold during the model year (a record). And in its first 18 months on sale, more than 1 million Mustangs were built.

Henry Ford II poses with the all-new Mustang at the Ford Pavilion during the World’s Fair debut.

Henry Ford II poses with the all-new Mustang at the Ford Pavilion during the World’s Fair debut.  The sporty four-seater is named after the legendary P-51 Mustang fighter plane from World War II. The price at launch: $2,368.

In August 2018, Ford produced the 10 millionth Mustang. It was a 2019 Wimbledon White convertible with a V-8 engine, which matched the first 1965 Mustang.

First Generation Mustang: 1965–1973

An early 1965 Mustang hardtop.

An early 1965 Mustang hardtop.

To meet its advertised list price of $2,368, the Mustang was based heavily on components that were already in production for other Ford models. This was the same business plan that Ford used for the first-gen 1955-1957 Thunderbirds. Many if not most of the interior, chassis, suspension and drivetrain components came from the Falcon and Fairlane.

1965 Ford Mustang T5 prototype

1965 Ford Mustang T5 prototype.

The Big Block Mustang

From 1967 until 1973, the Mustang got bigger, allowing a big block engine to be offered for the first time. Front and rear end styling was more pronounced, and the “twin cove” instrument panel offered a thicker crash pad and larger gauges.

The 1964 Dearborn, Mich., assembly plant.

The 1964 Dearborn, Mich., assembly plant.

Hardtop, fastback, and convertible body styles continued as before.

Around this time, the Mustang was paired with a Mercury variant, called the Cougar, which used its own styling cues, such as a “prowling cat” logo and hidden quad headlamps.

A 1965 advertisement.

New safety regulations by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration had to be applied for 1967. The added feature included an energy-absorbing steering column, four-way emergency flashers, a dual-circuit hydraulic braking system, and softer interior knobs.

Mustang sales passed the 1 million mark in March 1966.

1965 Ford Mustang Fastback.

1965 Ford Mustang Fastback.

1968 Pony Car Refresh

The 1968 models received revised side scoops, steering wheel, and gasoline caps. Side marker lights were also added that year, and cars built after Jan. 1, 1968, included shoulder belts for both front seats on coupes. The 1968 models also introduced a new 302-cubic-inch (4.9-liter) V-8 engine that would meet new federal emissions regulations.

1965 Mustang interior.

The 1965 Mustang interior.

A 1966 Mustang GT fastback.

A 1966 Mustang GT fastback.

The 1966 Shelby

The 1966 Shelby Mustang GT-350H, the so-called rent-a-racer.

The 1967 instrument panel.

The 1967 instrument panel.

1969 Mustang Grows In Size

The restyling for 1969 added more heft to the body as width and length again increased. The curb weight went up markedly, too. V-8 power returns to Mustang with the 302 cubic-inch small-block.

Due to the larger body and revised front-end styling, the 1969 models (but less so in 1970) had a notable aggressive stance.

The 1968.

The 1968.

The 1969 Boss 302.

The 1969 Boss 302.

A rear view of the 1969 Boss 302.

The 1969 models featured “quad headlamps” which disappeared to make way for a wider grille and a return to standard headlamps in the 1970 models.

Ford designer Larry Shinoda in the design studio courtyard with the 1969 Mustang Boss.

Ford designer Larry Shinoda in the design studio courtyard with the 1969 Mustang Boss.

This switch back to standard headlamps was an attempt to tame the aggressive styling of the 1969 model, which some felt was too extreme and hurt sales, but 1969 production exceeded the 1970 total.

Prototype testing of the Boss 302.

Prototype testing of the Boss 302.

The 1970 Fastback.

The 1970 Fastback.

The 1971 Mustang Mach 1

The 1971 Mustang Mach 1.

The 1971 model was the biggest Mustang to date. It was nearly a foot longer and some 600 pounds heavier than the originals.

The Boss 351, with its “Cleveland” block and Cobra Jet heads, debuts. The Mach 1 comes with a variety of powertrains, topped by the 429 Super Cobra Jet (SCJ).

A 1972 hardtop Mustang

A 1972 hardtop.

The 1972 Mustang

For 1972, styling is unchanged from 1971, and the only new model offering is the Sprint – a special red, white, and blue exterior paint-and-tape package.

2nd Generation: 1974–1978

The 1974 Mustang II hatchback

The 1974 Mustang II hatchback, the first application of a liftback body style.

The Pinto years

Lee Iacocca, who had been one of the forces behind the original Mustang, became president of Ford Motor Co in 1970 and ordered a smaller, more fuel-efficient Mustang for 1974. Initially, it was to be based on the Ford Maverick but ultimately was based on the Ford Pinto subcompact.

The 1975 Mustang II Ghia.

The 1975 Mustang II Ghia.

Workers perform quality control checks at the Dearborn Assembly in 1975.

Workers perform quality control checks at the Dearborn Assembly in 1975.

The new model called the “Mustang II,” was introduced on Sept. 21, 1973, two months before the first 1973 oil crisis. Its reduced size allowed it to compete against successful imported sports coupés such as the Datsun 240Z, Toyota Celica, and the European Ford Capri. (The Capri was Ford-built in Germany and Britain, but sold in the U.S. by Mercury).

The 1978 Mustang II King Cobra.

The 1978 Mustang II King Cobra.

First-year sales were 385,993 cars, compared with the original Mustang’s 12-month sales record of 418,812. Ultimately, the Mustang II would be an early example of downsizing that would take place among Detroit’s Big Three later in the decade.

3rd Generation: 1979–1993

The redesigned 1979 Mustang

The redesigned 1979 Mustang was moved to the larger Fox platform, initially developed for the 1978 Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr.

 

With the introduction of the Fox Body Mustang in 1979, more European design language was adopted inside and out. The two-spoke wheel from Mustang II was replaced with a four-spoke wheel, which was later shared with other Ford products.

The updated four-spoke steering wheel

The updated four-spoke wheel.

A larger body

The 1979 Mustang was based on the larger Fox platform (initially developed for the 1978 Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr). The larger body with an increased wheelbase yielded more interior space for four passengers, especially in the back seat, as well as a larger capacity trunk and a bigger engine bay.

The 1980 Mustang

For 1980, the 302-cubic-inch V-8 engine is dropped and replaced by an economical 119-hp, 255-cubic-inch derivative of the “Windsor” small-block V-8.

From 1981.

From 1981.

The 1982 Mustang GT.

The 1982 Mustang GT.

Body styles included a coupé (or notchback), hatchback and convertible.

The GT-350 20th Anniversary Edition was added in 1984, and the high-performance SVO model ran from 1984–1986 followed by the Cobra R in 1993.

The 1993 Mustang convertible.

After 10 years, Mustang again has a convertible model for 1983. It featured a power top and a tempered glass back window.

The third-generation Mustang had two different front-end styles. From 1979 to 1986, the front end was angled back using four rectangular headlights, known by enthusiasts as “Four Eyes.” The front end was restyled for the 1987 to 1993 model years to reflect the contemporary, rounded-off “aero” style of the Ford Taurus using flush-composite headlamps and a smooth grille-less nose.

The 1986 Mustang SVO.

The 1986 Mustang SVO.

The Mustang was selected as the 1979 Official Indianapolis 500 Pace Car with replicas sold to the public. Its special body-appearance parts were adapted by the Cobra package for 1980-81.

The Mustang received a major restyling for 1987, including the interior, which carried it through the end of the 1993 model year.

The 1987 GT convertible.

The 1987 GT convertible.

Under the newly-established Ford SVT division, the 1993 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra and Cobra R were added. These special, high-performance models closed out the third generation of the Mustang.

4th Generation: 1994–2004

The fourth-generation Mustang

The launch of the fourth-generation Mustang included a nod to the original 1964 pony car. The new model had a twin cockpit layout and sculpted modern styling for the steering wheel and air bag.

Looking down on a top-down Mustang convertible

The interior redesign made the various buttons easier to use, while allowing for the driver to keep eyes on the road and hands on the wheel. Horn buttons were replaced with a hinged air-bag cover, acting as horn control at the wheel’s center.

The Notchback Coupe

In November 1993, the Mustang debuted its first major redesign in 15 years. Code-named “SN-95” by the automaker, it was based on an updated version of the rear-wheel-drive Fox platform called “Fox-4.” The new styling by Patrick Schiavone incorporated several styling cues from earlier Mustangs. For the first time since its introduction 1964, a notchback coupe model was unavailable.

The 1995 Cobra coupe.

The 1995 Cobra coupe.

For 1999, the Mustang was reskinned with Ford’s New Edge styling theme with sharper contours, larger wheel arches, and creases in its bodywork, but its basic proportions, interior design, and chassis remained the same as the previous model.

A rear view of a 1998 Mustang GT convertible

“New Edge” styling.

There were also three alternate models offered in this generation: the 2001 Bullitt, the 2003 and 2004 Mach 1 and the 320-hp 1999 and 2001,  and 390-hp 2003 and 2004 Cobra.

Three Mustang convertibles on a test track.

Convertibles from 1999, 1994, and 1965.

The 2000 SVT Mustang Cobra.

The 2000 SVT Mustang Cobra.

The 2001 Mustang Bullitt GT, in the likeness of the 1968 from the movie.

The 2001 Mustang Bullitt GT, in the likeness of the 1968 from the movie.

The 2003 Mach 1.

The 2003 Mach 1.

The 300 millionth Mustang rolls off the factory line with Bill Ford leading the way

Bill Ford presents the 300 millionth Ford vehicle, a 2004 Mustang GT convertible 40th-anniversary edition. The 2004 Mustangs are the last cars built at Ford’s Dearborn Assembly Plant, which had produced every model Mustang year since the car’s inception.

5th Generation: 2005–2014

The redesigned model for 2005.

The redesigned model for 2005.

Retro Futurism

The redesigned 2005 Mustang recalls the fastback Mustangs of the late-1960s. Ford’s senior vice president of design, J Mays, called it “retro-futurism.” The fifth-generation Mustang was manufactured at the Flat Rock Assembly Plant in Flat Rock, Mich.

A 2005 GT convertible instrument panel.

A 2005 GT convertible instrument panel.

The refreshed 2010 Mustang was released in the spring of 2009 with a redesigned exterior — which included sequential LED taillights.

2007 Mustang Shelby introduces a 500-horsepower supercharged version of the 5.4-liter V-8.

2007 Mustang Shelby introduces a 500-hp supercharged 5.4-liter V-8.

For 2012, a new Mustang Boss 302 version was introduced. And in the second quarter of 2012, Ford launched an update to the Mustang line as an early 2013 model.

The 2012 Mustang Boss 302 Laguna Seca.

The 2012 Mustang Boss 302 Laguna Seca.

The 2013 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds Edition Mustang.

The 2013 U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds Edition Mustang.

6th Generation: 2015 to present

The sixth-generation redesign added a wider and lower body

The sixth-generation redesign added a wider and lower body and, for the first time, a fully independent rear suspension. A 2015 Mustang GT is shown.

The sixth-generation Mustang was unveiled on Dec. 5, 2013, in Dearborn, Mich., New York City, Los Angeles, Barcelona (Spain), Shanghai (China), and Sydney, Australia. The internal project code name is S-550.

The 2017 Mustang convertible

The 2017 Mustang adds a 2.3-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine.

 

Changes include a body widened by 1.5 inches and lowered 1.4 inches, a trapezoidal grille, and a 2.75-inch lower decklid.  A new independent rear suspension (IRS) system was developed specifically for the new model.
The 10 millionth Mustang sold was a 2019 Wimbledon White GT

The 10 millionth Mustang sold was a 2019 Wimbledon White GT convertible with a 460-hp, V-8 and six-speed manual.

The 2018 model year Mustang featured a minor exterior redesign and the debut of a 310-hp, 2.4-liter turbocharged (Ecoboost) four-cylinder. The 3.0-liter V-6 was dropped.

The 5.0-liter  V-8 got a power boost to 460 hp and 420 lb-ft torque. The automatic transmission for all models was upgraded to a 10-speed.

A grouping of 2020 Mustangs

The 2020 Mustang GT500, the most powerful street-legal Ford to date. Its supercharged 5.2-liter V-8 producing more than 700 hp.

2022 Mustang Shelby GT500 Heritage Edition

The 2022 the limited run of 2022 Mustang Shelby GT500 Heritage Edition

The limited run of 2022 Mustang Shelby GT500 Heritage Edition fastbacks will be finished in Brittany Blue, inspired by the original hue.

The 760-horsepower Shelby GT500 Heritage Edition will also have a choice of two stripe options:

  • Painted over-the-top racing stripes with GT500 logo (available in Wimbledon White or Absolute Black);
  •  Vinyl over-the-top racing stripes with unique vinyl side stripe featuring GT500 logo (in Wimbledon White).

Carroll Shelby took his legendary Mustang GT350 model further in 1967 to craft the first-generation Shelby GT500. It was modified with a 428-cubic-inch V-8 inspired by his team’s 1-2-3 finish at Le Mans.

Shelby called the original Shelby GT500 “the first real car I’m really proud of.” 

The 2022 Mustang Shelby GT500 has a starting U.S. Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price of $73,465 — not including the $1,195 freight charge and $2,600 Gas Guzzler Tax.

The Shelby GT500 Heritage Edition package would add $2,140. And the GT500 Heritage Edition package with hand-painted stripes adds $12,140 to the Shelby GT500’s U.S. MSRP.

7th Generation: 2024 Mustang Redesigned

A side view of the 2024 Ford Mustang

Ford says the new exterior design is heritage-inspired to appeal to the ‘broadest Mustang customer mindset yet.’

The completely redesigned 2024 Ford Mustang marks the seventh generation of the coupe sold ’round the world.

“Investing in another generation of Mustang is a big statement at a time when many of our competitors are exiting the business of internal combustion vehicles,” Jim Farley, CEO of Ford Motor Co., said in a statement. “Ford, however, is turbocharging its ICE growth plan, adding connected technology, opinionated derivatives, and hybrid options to our most profitable and popular cars — all in the Ford Blue family — on top of investing $50 billion in electric vehicles through 2026.”

Interior Treatment

The driver area of the 2024 Mustang with two curved digital displays.

The redesigned fighter jet-inspired cockpit is centered by two flowing and curved displays

The redesigned fighter jet-inspired cockpit is centered by two flowing and curved displays that can be quickly customized to show information the driver wants or needs to see.

The car’s 12.4-inch digital instrument cluster can display different animated designs and new drive-mode visuals. The customized capability is based on the same “Unreal Engine 3D” creation tool used in modern video games. When selecting personalized drive mode settings, the car’s current setup is displayed on the center stack as real-time graphical renderings. Settings can be adjusted by swiping the graphic to rotate the car virtually in a true gamified style.

“We’re taking advantage of every pixel,” said Ford Mustang interaction design manager Craig Sandvig. “We can be creative in showing necessary driving information and give the driver control of selecting colors, classic Mustang gauges, or even a ‘calm’ screen where only minimal details are displayed.”

Exterior Design

Ford says the new exterior design is heritage-inspired to appeal to the “broadest Mustang customer mindset yet.”

A low, horizontal brow across the front emphasizes overall frontal width, while the upper grille design shape is influenced by the original 1960s design. The Tri-Bar LED headlamps continue the Mustang’s classic lighting signature. The sleek roofline is meant to inspire a broad sprinting stance. And shortened rear overhang has the authentic proportions of the first generation — but with widened haunches.

Of interest to racers, the roofline allows drivers to enter and exit without removing their helmets. On the rear deck, new signature tri-bar lighting and a redesigned diffuser improved aerodynamic balance.

Also new for this generation is unique front-end styling for each model. The GT, for example, is differentiated from EcoBoost models by larger, more aggressive grille openings for increased airflow. The GT also has new hood vents and a redesigned front splitter.

The Mustang is assembled at Flat Rock Assembly Plant in Flat Rock, Mich.

Check here for 2024-25 Ford Mustang pricing.

1929 Curtiss Thrush J-6

1929 Curtiss Thrush J-6

Several Thrush J-6 airplanes were flown by female pilots during the early 1930s to make record-breaking endurance flights, including one in which the aircraft stayed aloft for almost 10 days.

A black and white photo of a 1929 Curtiss Thrush J-6 parked on a Curtiss Aeroplane airfield.

The 1929 Curtiss Thrush bridged the gap between small personal aircraft and larger commercial airliners. (Photo from the Paul S. Maynard archive)

BY MARK MAYNARD

The Curtiss Thrush exemplified the transitional phase of aviation in the late 1920s. The 1929 Thrush bridged the gap between small personal aircraft and larger commercial airliners. Its design innovations and contributions to endurance flying underscore its significance in aviation history.

Introduced in 1929, the Curtiss Thrush is a six-passenger, high-wing monoplane developed by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Co. Based on an enlarged version of the Curtiss Robin, the Thrush aimed to serve as a light transport and utility aircraft. Its development featured both Curtiss and Wright engines, reflecting the era’s rapid advancements in aviation technology.

Aviation historian Joseph P. Juptner, in his work “U.S. Civil Aircraft: Vol. 3,” noted that “the fuselage of the Thrush formed the basis for the twin-engine Curtiss Kingbird.” The plane’s design would highlight its influence on subsequent aircraft developments.

Design and Development

The initial prototypes of the Curtiss Thrush were equipped with 170 horsepower Curtiss Challenger engines. However, these engines were found to be underpowered for the aircraft’s design. Consequently, the production models designated Thrush J were outfitted with more robust 225-hp Wright J-6-7 Whirlwind radial engines. This upgrade significantly enhanced the aircraft’s performance.

The fuselage construction utilized a Pratt truss frame made primarily from duralumin tubing, a high-strength, lightweight aluminum alloy. Chrome-molybdenum steel reinforced high-stress areas, all covered in fabric. The wings featured solid spruce spars and stamped Alclad ribs, with a semi-cantilever design supported by steel tube struts.

A black and white photo of a 1933 Curtiss Thrush J-6 flown by pilots Helen Richey and Frances Marsalis. The words "Outdoor Girl" are in large white font on the black plane's fuselage

The Curtiss Thrush J-6 “Outdoor Girl” flown by pilots Helen Richey and Frances Marsalis. (Photo courtesy of San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive)

Operational History

The Curtiss Thrush played a notable role in early aviation endurance records. In August 1932, pilots Louise Thaden and Frances Marsalis flew a Thrush J, named “I.J. Fox,” for 196 hours and 5 minutes. Their effort set an endurance record near Valley Stream, N.Y. This achievement contributed to Thaden receiving the Harmon Trophy in 1936. (“I. J. Fox” refers to their sponsor, a nationally known fur store operator founded by Isidore Joseph Fox.

Later, in December 1933, pilots Helen Richey and Frances Marsalis set another endurance record. The pair of women pilots flew another Thrush J, “Outdoor Girl,” for 237 hours and 42 minutes over Miami, Fla. (The plane was named for a brand of women’s cosmetics, a new sponsor.) Their Thrush J-6 was refueled from the air by a Curtiss Robin. The endurance flight further demonstrated the aircraft’s capabilities.

Internationally, the Thrush saw limited use. The China National Aviation Corp. ordered 12 units, but only 10 were produced, with just one making it to China in 1930.

Additionally, one Thrush was operated in Cuba by the Compañía Nacional Cubana de Aviación Curtiss. A subsidiary of North American Aviation Inc., the airline was the precursor to Cubana de Aviación, the national airline of Cuba.

1929 Curtiss Thrush Specifications

  • Crew: One to two (with dual controls)
  • Capacity: Six passengers
  • Length: 32 feet 7 inches
  • Wingspan: 48 feet 0 inches
  • Height: 9 feet 3 inches
  • Wing Area: 305 square feet
  • Empty Weight: 2,260 pounds
  • Gross Weight: 3,800 pounds
  • Fuel Capacity: 110 U.S. gallons
  • Powerplant: 1 225-hp Wright J-6-7 (R-760) radial engine.
  • Maximum Speed: 122 mph
  • Cruise Speed: 104 mph
  • Range: 900 miles
  • Service Ceiling: 13,200 feet
  • Rate of Climb: 650 feet per minute (3.3 meters per second)

SOURCE: Wikipedia.

 This is another image from my dad, Paul Smith Maynard, who worked as an engineer in aviation for four decades. Dad began his career in about 1943 after graduating from West Virginia University. He started with Curtiss-Wright Corp., a pioneer in making flying machines. He went on to work at North American Aviation and Rockwell International. See more of his vintage plane pics here.